Summary of the article “Do college Sports Affect Students Grades A Defense of the NCAA” free essay sample

â€Å"Do school Sports Affect Students Grades? A Defense of the NCAA† by Megan Greenwell contends about whether school sports influence evaluations of the understudy competitors or ordinary understudies and whether universities would be in an ideal situation without university sport. Megan Greenwell as she would like to think on the accompanying point and gives a few contentions for having university sports. In this article she is contending about the association between the evaluations different understudies are getting and their inclusion in university games (football for this situation). Her conclusion on this sort of association is clear and direct. She is portrays the contentions for and against university sports as â€Å"paternalistic and foolhardy. † The creator is contending with affirmation given by a trio of market analysts which analyze the connection between a university’s accomplishment on the football field and its students’ grades dependent on the examination made by 3 explores who are setting up an association between terrible evaluations and their group dominating matches. We will compose a custom paper test on Outline of the article: â€Å"Do school Sports Affect Students Grades A Defense of the NCAA† or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page She is giving a contention dependent on her school experience essentially saying â€Å"I can guarantee analysts that we discovered different reasons to imbibe† and she is giving extended realities from the report made by these 3 explores. The examination recommends that different understudies will be more â€Å"predisposed† to confront challenges in school when â€Å"major distractions†, for example, university football, are included, which helps Greenwell to demonstrate her point that association among evaluations and game occasions is doubtable and understudies who are not battling with class won't be battling with classes regardless of whether their group is winning. The writer in her article likewise talks about whether to wipe out athletic grants or not to make all understudies rise to and dispose of the â€Å"paying† factor, which can be viewed as option of pay for the expert competitors. She dismisses this contention by raising the way that the demonstration of brightening of athletic grants would enormously influence by far most of the NCAA competitors who have no money related advantages, recommending that the vast majority of those competitors will not, at this point have the option to go to school because of budgetary limitations forced by such activities. She expresses that permitting understudies to take this monetary help bodes well than simply killing their chance to play and even examination in school. Rather than forcing incredible limitations upon understudy competitors and compelling them to pick among scholastics and game, Greenwell is contemplating the approaches to help understudies competitors to prevail in the study hall. She claimsâ â€Å"getting genuine about their scholarly presentation, even to the detriment of training time, is a superior reaction than compelling â€Å"student-athlete† to pick between two. † In the last piece of her article, the writer infers that university sport is an entryway for some understudies to communicate their energy and enthusiasm towards the game, regardless of whether â€Å"going pro† isn't a choice, which demonstrates the fundamental thought of the entire article, which is attempting to accomplish a parity of how to invest time between scholastics, sport and other significant parts of school life.

The Great Gatsby: What Makes Daisy So Attractive?

â€Å"Her voice is loaded with money† (Fitzgerald, 120). This statement, said by significant character Gatsby, clarifies Daisy’s character and mien. Daisy Buchannan is one of the primary characters in the novel The Great Gatsby. The spouse of Tom Buchannan and the fantasy of Jay Gatsby, Daisy epitomizes the improper and shallow estimations of the privileged East Egg. In spite of the fact that she isn't extremely genuine, to most Daisy is alluring, excellent, and attractive. What makes Daisy so welcoming? She causes a man to improve for her so as to get what they need, she has principles and she needs the best, and simply the best. Since the start, Jay Gatsby has been frantically enamored with Daisy, or the idea of Daisy. Gatsby just knew Daisy for one month before he was conveyed to war. Is it accurate to say that one is month enough to experience passionate feelings for somebody? After five years, Gatsby still accepted that he was infatuated, and he imagined another persona to make Daisy return to him after she wedded Tom. â€Å"You're acting like a little boy†¦. † (Fitzgerald, 88). This was a statement that the storyteller, Nick Caraway, said to Gatsby about how he was acting around Daisy. Jay Gatsby knew to get Daisy back he would need to turn into the most perfectly awesome, the most extravagant, the most attractive, and the most beguiling. It may have been the test of being better than the rest that was so speaking to Gatsby or it could have been Daisy’s dead-as-a-door handle character. The genuine inquiry is, Is Daisy justified, despite all the trouble? What makes Daisy so engaging shrewd men, for example, Gatsby? Is it the test of turning into the best, or is it something different? Jay Gatsby wasn’t the one in particular who thought Daisy was worth more than saw. Her better half, Tom Buchannan likewise accepted that Daisy was a prize. To Tom, it appeared, that Daisy was a trophy spouse, somebody he could flaunt, not care about, return, and she would at present be there. What united them was cash, what the two of them cherished and shared for all intents and purpose. Scratch summarized her affection for cash well, â€Å"She needed her life formed now, immediatelyâ€and the choice must be made by some power, of money†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzgerald, 151). Daisy didn’t care about who she cherished more when she needed to pick Tom or Gatsby; she thought about the cash while she was settling on perhaps the greatest choice of her life. To Tom, Daisy was an excellent lady who he couldn't imagine anything better than to have for his significant other. Tom and Daisy were indistinguishable in that manner, neither of them thought about character or qualities; they thought about their notoriety. It wasn’t Daisy’s mien that caused Tom to wed her; it was her looks and notoriety that he discovered appealing. Daisy Buchannan wasn’t probably the most brilliant blue-blood in East Egg no doubt. Her ditzy nature may have been adorable to a few, however clearly it was something beyond a sweetheart quality. Daisy had no good judgment, if a man was searching for just looks (like Tom), Daisy was the young lady to go to. Her remark to Gatsby, â€Å"I’d like to simply get one of those pick mists and put you in it and push you around† (Fitzgerald, 94) made perusers reconsider why Jay Gatsby would be so far in adoration with her. â€Å"She never adored you, do you hear? She just wedded you since I was poor and she was sick of hanging tight for me. † (Fitzgerald, 130). There more likely than not been something extraordinary about Daisy for Tom Buchannan and Jay Gatsby to have such solid affections for her. Regardless of whether it was her looks, her imbeciles, or her cash she had what other ladies would bite the dust for, two of the most extravagant and most known men in East Egg battling about her. What makes Daisy Buchannan so alluring? To a few, it’s her looks, the idea of what she may resemble, to others it’s her cash or her guiltless ditz, and certain individuals may even locate her unpleasant. The perusers of Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby will take solid stands on Daisy and her character.

American Music History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

American Music History - Essay Example The drummer and the male artist contend with one another by expanding the beat and making the cadence increasingly complicated, dynamically. Rumba isn't generally the name of a solitary move, rather a class of moves beginning in Cuba. The two to four beat mood, which is regular to every single Cuban move, is known as the Clave cadence, as it is played by two sticks called claves. The beat changes yet never gets excessively quick as the couple influence from side to side interestingly, holding each other at around arm’s length. At first moved to African music, the melodies for the Rumba bit by bit changed over into Spanish. The Rumba has wandered into contemporary Flamenco, Blues and even Rock music and is ceaselessly advancing gratitude to more current, test craftsmen. Promoted in the USA by the electrifying Carmen Miranda, the Samba has its beginnings in Brazil and Africa. Bossa Nova developed in dissent to the commercialization of Samba during the 1960s. It is called jazz samba as it mixes jazz music with the energetic rhythms of the samba consistently. It was increasingly private and come up short on the colorfulness of Samba. The tune ‘Desafinado’ presented the term Bossa Nova. Performers like Miles Davis and Pat Metheny draw extraordinary motivation from the Bossa Nova convention. Salsa, actually significance sauce, began in Cuba, and before the finish of the 1970s turned into a significant part ofâ practically all vernacular fields. It is quintessentially Cuban music, since quite a while ago held a substyle, and despite the fact that it initially was characterized by playful, lively Cuban music, it gradually built up a Latin tinge to it, in spite of the fact that holding that Cuban flavor also. Today, we characterize salsa by and large as Latin-African music, and what was once move band music, but music consolidating differed rhythms, complex instrumentations and sounds, use of woodwinds and violins, under different Puerto Rican and South American impacts, and with the incorporation of jazz, has now become an exceptionally modern style of music fit for being formed into

Performance appraisal policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Execution examination strategies - Essay Example Walmart, Google and Apple are very rumored organizations in the worldwide market and hold a critical spot in the rundown of Fortune 500 organizations. Talking about the exhibition examination of these organizations this can be said that Walmart is utilizing execution evaluation framework with the end goal of assessment. The administration of this organization has set four measures which are beneath standard, above norm, standard and exceptional execution. As per these levels they are assessing the productiveness of their employee’s execution in the hierarchical exercises. New joiners are gotten multiple times assessment at the main monetary year and different representatives get a similar one time in a year. The board has concluded that all representatives ought to go through in any event a half year at their present situation before getting any sort of advancement. The representatives who are giving exceptional execution in the association can get fiscal compensation whenever in a money related year. Remuneration and advantage are organized by the exhibition assessment of each representative and it can contrast from individual to individual (Armstrong, 2006). Again in the event of Apple Inc. this can be said that this organization doesn't give any sort of assurance to deep rooted business openings without standard execution. So the executives of this organization consistently centers around this reality that workers should take obligations to accomplish target development to get by in this organization. The organization has define association driven objectives and focus to enlist just qualified and gifted people in the particular fields. The administration of the organization is doing execution evaluation of its representatives on yearly premise and superior workers are getting selective compensations for their exhibitions. The organization is paying an assortment of motivations to its representatives, for example, long haul care protection, worker

Were closed for Labor Day 2015 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Were closed for Labor Day 2015 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog In honor of Labor Day,  Columbia University, SIPA and the Office of Admissions Financial Aid are closed on Monday, September 7, 2015. We will reopen at 9:00 a.m. EST on Tuesday, September 8, 2015. While we wont be available to respond to application  inquiries during the long weekend, you can take advantage of the down time by exploring this blog. There are plenty of tips on how to communicate with us, how to write your essays, and how to ask your references for help. You can also Submit An Idea if theres something in particular youd like us to write about. And if youre curious to know why the United States celebrates Labor Day, heres some history from the U.S. Department of Labor: Labor Day, the first Monday in September, is a creation of the labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of American workers. It constitutes a yearly national tribute to the contributions workers have made to the strength, prosperity, and well-being of our country. The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City, in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. The Central Labor Union held its second Labor Day holiday just a year later, on September 5, 1883. In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected as the holiday, as originally proposed, and the Central Labor Union urged similar organizations in other cities to follow the example of New York and celebrate a workingmens holiday on that date. The idea spread with the growth of labor organizations, and in 1885 Labor Day was celebrated in many industrial centers of the country. To help you visualize what that first Labor Day celebration looked like, heres an illustration of the first Labor Day holiday in NYC, dated 1882. [Public domain photo: Labor Day Parade, Union Square, New York, 1882 (Lithographie)] The form that the observance and celebration of Labor Day should take was outlined in the first proposal of the holiday â€" a street parade to exhibit to the public the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations of the community, followed by a festival for the recreation and amusement of the workers and their families. This became the pattern for the celebrations of Labor Day. Speeches by prominent men and women were introduced later, as more emphasis was placed upon the economic and civic significance of the holiday. Still later, by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909, the Sunday preceding Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement. The character of the Labor Day celebration has undergone a change in recent years, especially in large industrial centers where mass displays and huge parades have proved a problem. This change, however, is more a shift in emphasis and medium of expression. Labor Day addresses by leading union officials, industrialists, educators, clerics and government officials are given wide coverage in newspapers, radio, and television. The vital force of labor added materially to the highest standard of living and the greatest production the world has ever known and has brought us closer to the realization of our traditional ideals of economic and political democracy. It is appropriate, therefore, that the nation pay tribute on Labor Day to the creator of so much of the nations strength, freedom, and leadership â€" the American worker.

Were closed for Labor Day 2015 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Were closed for Labor Day 2015 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog In honor of Labor Day,  Columbia University, SIPA and the Office of Admissions Financial Aid are closed on Monday, September 7, 2015. We will reopen at 9:00 a.m. EST on Tuesday, September 8, 2015. While we wont be available to respond to application  inquiries during the long weekend, you can take advantage of the down time by exploring this blog. There are plenty of tips on how to communicate with us, how to write your essays, and how to ask your references for help. You can also Submit An Idea if theres something in particular youd like us to write about. And if youre curious to know why the United States celebrates Labor Day, heres some history from the U.S. Department of Labor: Labor Day, the first Monday in September, is a creation of the labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of American workers. It constitutes a yearly national tribute to the contributions workers have made to the strength, prosperity, and well-being of our country. The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882, in New York City, in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. The Central Labor Union held its second Labor Day holiday just a year later, on September 5, 1883. In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected as the holiday, as originally proposed, and the Central Labor Union urged similar organizations in other cities to follow the example of New York and celebrate a workingmens holiday on that date. The idea spread with the growth of labor organizations, and in 1885 Labor Day was celebrated in many industrial centers of the country. To help you visualize what that first Labor Day celebration looked like, heres an illustration of the first Labor Day holiday in NYC, dated 1882. [Public domain photo: Labor Day Parade, Union Square, New York, 1882 (Lithographie)] The form that the observance and celebration of Labor Day should take was outlined in the first proposal of the holiday â€" a street parade to exhibit to the public the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations of the community, followed by a festival for the recreation and amusement of the workers and their families. This became the pattern for the celebrations of Labor Day. Speeches by prominent men and women were introduced later, as more emphasis was placed upon the economic and civic significance of the holiday. Still later, by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909, the Sunday preceding Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement. The character of the Labor Day celebration has undergone a change in recent years, especially in large industrial centers where mass displays and huge parades have proved a problem. This change, however, is more a shift in emphasis and medium of expression. Labor Day addresses by leading union officials, industrialists, educators, clerics and government officials are given wide coverage in newspapers, radio, and television. The vital force of labor added materially to the highest standard of living and the greatest production the world has ever known and has brought us closer to the realization of our traditional ideals of economic and political democracy. It is appropriate, therefore, that the nation pay tribute on Labor Day to the creator of so much of the nations strength, freedom, and leadership â€" the American worker.

Capital Asset Pricing Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Living in challenging and high competition world, most investors aimed to maximize their return of investment. Various approaches and methods used to estimate value of financial instruments. Characteristics such as risk involved, price, cash flows and others were included in order to derive potential value of an instrument. Volatility of instruments and securities values also affects investors estimation. It is important for investors to choose appropriate approach to estimate the actual value of instruments or securities. Capital asset pricing model, referred as CAPM, is a model that explains relationship between risk and expected return, which is used in pricing securities. Relationship exists in this model serves two vital functions. The function including provide a benchmark rate of return for evaluating possible investments. Other than that, the model helps investors to make an appropriate and sufficient guess for the expected return of securities which are not yet been traded in the marketplace. CAPM has been used widely since its accuracy is deemed acceptable to be applied for pricing securities. 2. ASSUMPTION Several assumptions made in order to use basic version of CAPM. This is to ensure that investors are as alike as possible, with the notable exceptions of initial wealth and risk aversion. Assumptions including: 1. There are many investors, which each of them own relatively small wealth compared with total endowment of all investors. Investors considered as price taker, act as though securities prices unaffected by their trades. This assumption based on perfect competition assumption stated in microeconomics. 2. Investors will plan for one identical holding period. This behavior called as myopic, which it ignores everything that could happen after the end of the single period horizon. 3. Investments are limited to a universe of publicly traded financial assets, such as risk free borrowing and lending arrangements. Assumption also believed to rules out investment for non-traded assets like education, private enterprises, international airport and others. Investors also may b orrow or lend any amount at fixed, risk free rate. 4. Investors will not pay for taxes on returns and no transaction costs on trades in securities. 5. Investors are rational mean-variance optimizers, where the Markowitz portfolio selection model applicable. 6. Investors have the same economic view and analyze securities in the same way. Estimation of probability distribution of future cash flow for available securities is similar. For any set of security prices, investors will derive the same input list fit with Markowitz model. This assumption also referred as homogenous expectations or beliefs. With these six assumptions, we can than come out with some powerful insight of the nature of equilibrium in security markets. In equilibrium; a) The investors will hold a portfolio of risky assets in the market portfolio. The market portfolio includes all traded assets whereby it generally refers to the stocks. b) The market portfolio will be on the efficient frontier and tangent to the optimal capital allocation line (CAL). As a results from this, Capital Market Line (CML) is establish, where the investor holds M (market portfolio) as their optimal risky portfolio. c) The risk premium on the market is depends on degree of investors risk aversion. d) Thus, the risk premium on individual assets will directly proportionate to the market risk premium and beta coefficient. Beta is define as szlig; = Cov (ri rM)s2M and the risk premium of individual securities is 3. MARKET RISK PREMIUM The equilibrium risk premium on the market portfolio, E(r M ) r f, will be proportional to the average degree of risk aversion of the investor population and the risk of the market portfolio. The difference between a rate of return and the risk free rate of return is a risk premium. Risk premiums may be calculated for a particular security, a class of securities, or a market. In the simplified CAPM economy, risk-free investments involve borrowing and lending among investors. Risk-free rate is a rate that someone can earn by leaving money in risk-free assets such as T Bills, money market funds or the banks. Any borrowing position must be offset by the lending position of the creditor. This means that net borrowing and lending across all investors must be zero. The difference in any particular period between the actual rate of return on risky asset and the risk-fee asset is called excess return. Therefore, the risk premium is the expected value of the excess return, and the stan dard deviation of the excess return is an appropriate measure of its risk. The market risk premium is one of the most important but elusive parameters in finance. It is also called as equity premium market premium and risk premium. Market risk premium has three concepts consists of required market risk premium, historical market risk premium and expected market risk premium. Required market risk premium is the incremental return of the diversified portfolio (the market) over the risk free rate (return of treasury bonds) required by an investor. Historical market premium is the historical differential return of the stock market to the treasury bonds while expected market risk premium is the expected differential return of the stock market over the treasury bonds. However, the CAPM assumes that the required market risk premium is equal to the expected market risks premium. The three concepts are different because the historical market risk premium is equal for all investors but the required and the expected market risk premium are different for different investors. 4. RETURN AND RISK FOR INDIVIDUAL SECURITIES The risk premium on individual securities is a function of the individual securitys contribution to the risk of the market portfolio which means that it is a function of the covariance of returns with the assets that make up the market portfolio. (From lectures Note) Risk is consists of systematic risk and unsystematic risk. The risk of a portfolio is comprises with systematic risk and unsystematic risk. Commonly, the risk of all securities is systematic risk. And systematic risk cannot be diversified. On the other hand, unsystematic risk is the risk associated with individual assets and it can be diversified. Therefore, as a rational investor should not take any diversifiable risk, as only non-diversifiable risks are rewarded within the scope of this model. Therefore, the required rate of return on an asset, that is, the return that compensates for risk taken, must be linked to its riskiness in a portfolio context. Thus, in the CAPM context, the beta of the portfolio is defi ning the factor in rewarding the systematic exposure taken by an investor. 5. THE SECURITY MARKET LINE (SML) Security Market Line (SML) is a expected return-beta relationships graph. This is because the markets beta is 1, the slope is the risk premium of the market portfolio such as the figure shown in figure1. Equation for calculating SML: Slope of SML = E (rM ) r f SML = r f   + szlig;[E (rM ) r f] Mostly, SML use to compare with Capital Market Line (CML). This is because CML graphs show the valid measure of risk premiums of efficiency of the diversify portfolios that the investors overall portfolio. On the other hand, SML graphs show the individual asset risk premium as a function of asset risk. Thus, SML is valid for efficient portfolios and individual assets. The SML provides the following information: 1) Benchmark for evaluation of investment performance 2) Required rate of return Therefore, their expected returns are commensurate with their risk. If a stock is underpriced, so it will plot above of the SML: Given their betas, their expected returns are greater than dictated by the CAPM, and vice versa. 6. INDEX MODEL AND REALIZE RETURNS From the beginning we know that CAPM analysis is only results in expected return of the securities. However, in the real life practice, everyone can easily observe directly its realize returns compare to expected returns. By simplifying the model, the single-index model of CAPM is form as Ri = ai + szlig;iRM + ei While; Ri = return of the stocks ai = return due to macroeconomic and microeconomic events szlig;iRM = market stock returns modified by Beta ei = non-systematic risks By the definition, the firm non-systematic components is independent of market thus the Cov(RM, ei) = 0. With this the covariance of the excess rate of return on security I with market index is Cov (Ri, RM) = Cov(szlig;iRM + ei, RM) =szlig;iCov(RM, RM) + Cov(ei, RM) =szlig;is2M We can see that, a is drop from the covariance because ai is constant, thus have zero covariance for all variables. Since Cov (Ri, RM) = szlig;is2M , the sensitivity coefficient, szlig;i equals At the e nd, the index model of beta coefficient turns out to be the same as beta of the CAPM expected return-beta relationship. 7. CAPM AND REAL LIFE PRACTICAL When the CAPM is valid, than the single-index model which includes all traded securities also would be valid as well. Thus the all alpha values in risk premium would be identically zero. However in market, if all alpha is zero, there would be no incentive for analyst to analyse the security. So, the market equilibrium will be only near to the proper values, which the alpha is nearly zero values but with some differences. It is to induce and motivate the analyst to continue their effort to analyse the securities. Moreover, CAPM is the best available model to explain the rate of return on the securities portfolio, which means that one should take security alpha as zero. If the securities are misprice the alpha will be non-zero. Alpha is positive when the securities are underpriced and alpha is negative when securities are overpriced. After all analysis, the investors will select the best investment by assumption of all the alpha would be zero values.

Oedipus And Gilgamesh Essay - 785 Words

Oedipus from the Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex and Gilgamesh from the epic of Gilgamesh both heroes in their own stories however they also very drastically. Gilgamesh is a quest hero who loses his closest friend, Enkindu, and is inspired to go on a journey in the wilderness to search for immortality. like Gilgamesh, Oedipus is a hero also, however he is a tragic hero. Oedipus, in the play, is praised for ridding the town in which he rules, Thebes, of a plague. The characters Oedipus and Gilgamesh both are strong characters in their own story and plot, both can be considered heroes however they are very much different types of heroes and characters. in the epic of Gilgamesh, friendship is a main concept that carries throughout the story.†¦show more content†¦unfortunately, Oedipus deals with the death of the queen. I do pisses reaction is very violent as he punctured his eyes out. On page 316 the text states, â€Å"he [Oedipus] rips off her brooches, the long gold pins holding her robes – and lifting them high, looking straight up into the points he takes them down the sockets of his eyes...† Oedipus was clearly fed up with all the horrible tragedies that follow him around in his life, so he reacted quite violently to this horrible event that he witnessed. overall, the person killed a mesh reacted to death in their lives very differently, one becoming violent and self-destructive and the other becoming very sad whilst he grieves his loss. both kill commission a piss have pride in their leadership, even though Gilgamesh does not have any genuine power he is still prideful and confident alike to Oedipus. â€Å"I will break your door and burst in your gate, for I am Gilgamesh who seized and killed the bull of heaven.â€Å" (The Epic of Gilgamesh, 12) Gilgamesh is confident in his abilities after defeating the bull of heaven, and so he feels like he has power he does not deserve. Oedipus is the definite ruler of the town of Thebes. not only does he rolled the town but he also read the town of the curse that took over the city. This is the reason why the towns people look up to Oedipus so intensely. â€Å"I pity you. I see – how could I fail to see what longingsShow MoreRelatedGilgamesh And Oedipus Essay904 Words   |  4 PagesOctober, 2017 Gilgamesh vs. Oedipus No two men are alike in anyway, same goes for heroes and tragic heroes. A hero is someone who has given their life to be something bigger than oneself. A hero is someone who is brave, courageous and someone you look up to. Aristotle referred to a tragic hero as, â€Å"someone who makes their own judgement error that inevitably leads to their own destruction†. Gilgamesh and Oedipus were some of the biggest heroes in our literary studies. Gilgamesh and Oedipus lived theirRead MoreEssay Oedipus Rex and Gilgamesh1034 Words   |  5 Pageslook. However, every man has a little something from the other. Although Oedipus and Gilgamesh are entirely different people, they are still very similar. Each one, in their own way, is exceptionally brave, heroically tragic, and both encompass diverse strengths and weaknesses. One is strictly a victim of fate and the other is entirely responsible for his own plight. Out of the two men, Gilgamesh was far braver than Oedipus. He risked his life a number of times when he was in the company of hisRead MoreClassification of Literature3483 Words   |  14 PagesCLASSIFICATIONs OF LITERATURE I. Divisions of Literature Literature Prose Poetry Fiction Nonfiction Dramatic Narrative Lyric Drama Short Story Novel Tale Fable Myth Legends Folktales Essay Biography Autobiography Diary History Chronicle News Anecdote Tragedy Comedy Opera Operetta Ballad Epic Metrical Tale Metrical Romance Ode Sonnet Song Elegy POINT OF COMPARISON | PROSE | POETRY | Form | Paragraph | Verse | Language | Words and rhythms of ordinary and everyday language | Metrical,

How Vainly Men Themselves Amaze - 6377 Words

Summary The Force of Circumstance is a story which tells about a man, Guy, and his wife, Doris. They live in Malaysia. Guy moved there right after his schooling and has lived there for years. He left once and he came back with his white wife, Doris. The story is not written in the first person, it is a narrator who tells you the story. The language use is normal and the tone of voice a little bit ironic. When Guy was young he was very alone at night. Night after night it was the same. One evening his boy asked whether hed like to have a girl to come and live with him. First he had doubts about it, but he said yes after all, and she stayed. They had three children. After several years he sent her back to the village because he was†¦show more content†¦He disappeared into his dressing-room and she heard him -whistling cheerily -while, with the carelessness with -which she was always remonstrating, he. tore off his clothes and flung them on the floor. He ’was twenty-nine, but he -was still a school-boy; he would never grow up. That -was -why she had fallen in love with him, perhaps, for no amount of affection could persuade her that he -was good-looking. He was a little round man, with a red face like the fall moon, and blue eyes. He was rather pimply. She had examined him carefully and had been forced to confess to him that he had not a single feature which she could pr aise. She had told him often that he wasn’t her type at all. ’I never said I -was a beauty,’ he laughed. ’I can’t think -what it is I see in you.’ But of course she knew perfectly well. He -was a gay,jolly little man, -who took nothing very solemnly, and he -was constantly laughing. He made her laugh too. He found life an amusing rather than a serious business, and he had a charming smile. When she -was -with him she felt happy and good tempered. And the deep affection -which she saw in those merry blue eyes of his touched her. It -was very satisfactory to be loved like that. Once, sitting on his knees, during their honeymoon she had taken his face in her hands and said to him: ’You’re an ugly, little fat man, Guy, but you’ve got charm. I can’t help loving you.’ A wave of emotion swept over herShow MoreRelatedHow Vainly Men Themselves Amaze Interpretation908 Words   |  4 PagesI m going to interpret a short story called  «How vainly men themselves amaze ». This is a story about a holiday affair turning into a love triangle between young Franklin, a married woman Mrs Palgrave and her German nursemaid Heidi. The plot of the story is not tangle. Eighteen years old high-school graduate Franklin being on holiday with his parents at French resort gets to know Mrs Palgrave, an auburn-haired woman about forty with mottled and stencilled green eyes. Gradually their acquaintanceRead More The Garden Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pagesthe whole of the poem centers on the idea of wholesome nature in a world without the instruction of mankind. In the first three stanzas, the virtues of the garden are provided through comparison with the trial (and supposed pleasures) of the world of men, stanzas five through seven address the pleasures of the body, the mind, and the soul as they are gratified in the garden, stanza eight through nine returns to the gesture to Paradise. As this logical progression of argument moves in the poem, each

Custom Definition in the Study of Sociology

A custom is defined as a cultural idea that describes a regular, patterned behavior that is considered characteristic of life in a social system. Shaking hands, bowing, and kissing—all customs—are methods of greeting people. The method most commonly used in a given society helps distinguish one culture from another. Key Takeaways A custom is a pattern of behavior that is followed by members of a particular culture, for example, shaking hands upon meeting someone.Customs foster social harmony and unity within a group.If a law goes against an established social custom, the law may be difficult to uphold. The loss of cultural norms, such as customs, can cause a grief reaction that leads to mourning. The Origins of Customs Customs can persist for generations, as new members of a society learn about existing customs through a process of socialization. Generally, as a member of society, most people adhere to customs without any real understanding of why they exist or how they got started.   Societal customs often begin out of habit. A man clasps the hand of another upon first greeting him. The other man—and perhaps still others who are observing— take note. When they meet someone on the street later, they extend a hand. After a while, the handshaking action becomes habitual and takes on a life of its own. The Importance of Customs   Over time, customs become the laws of social life, and because customs are so important to social harmony, breaking them can theoretically result in an upheaval that has little or nothing to do with the custom itself—particularly when the reasons perceived for breaking it have no bearing in fact.  For example, after handshaking becomes a norm, an individual who declines to offer his hand upon meeting another may be looked down upon and or perceived as being suspicious. Why wont he shake hands? Whats wrong with him? Assuming that a handshake is a very important custom, consider what might happen if an entire segment of a population suddenly decided to stop shaking hands. Animosity might grow between those who continued to shake hands and those who did not. This anger and unease might even escalate. Those who continue to shake hands might assume the non-shakers refuse to participate because theyre unwashed or dirty. Or perhaps, those who no longer shake hands have come to believe theyre superior and dont want to sully themselves by touching an inferior person. Its for reasons such as these that conservative forces often warn that breaking customs can result in the decline of society. While this may be true in some instances, more progressive voices argue that in order for society to evolve, certain customs must be left behind. When Custom Meets Law   Sometimes a political group seizes on a particular societal custom and, for one reason or another, works to legislate it. An example of this would be Prohibition. When temperance forces in the United States came into a position of prominence, they lobbied to make the manufacture, transport, and sale of alcohol illegal. Congress passed the 18th Amendment to the Constitution in January 1919 and the law was enacted a year later.   While a popular concept, temperance  was never accepted as a custom by American society as a whole. Consuming alcohol was never declared illegal or unconstitutional, and plenty of citizens continued to find ways to make, move, and buy alcohol despite the laws contravening those actions. The failure of Prohibition demonstrates that when customs and laws promote similar thinking and values, the law is more likely to be successful, while aws that are not backed by custom and acceptance are more likely to fail. Congress repealed the 18th Amendment in 1933.   Customs Across Cultures Different cultures, of course, have different customs, which means that something that may be an established tradition in one society may not be in another. For example, in the United States, cereal is considered a traditional breakfast food, but in other cultures, breakfast might include dishes such as soup or vegetables. While customs tend to be more entrenched in less industrialized societies, they exist in all types of societies, regardless of how industrialized they are or to what level of literacy the populace has risen. Some customs are so strongly entrenched in a society (i.e. circumcision, both male and female) that they continue to flourish regardless of outside influences or attempts at intervention. When Customs Migrate While you cant pack them up neatly in a suitcase, customs are one of the most important things people take with them when they leave their native societies–for whatever reason—to immigrate and settle elsewhere. Immigration has a huge impact on cultural diversity and on the whole, many of the customs immigrants bring with them serve to enrich and broaden the cultures of their new homes. Customs that center on music, the arts, and culinary traditions are often the first to be accepted and assimilated into a new culture. On the other hand, customs that focus on religious beliefs, the traditional roles of men and women, and languages that are perceived to be foreign, are often met with resistance. Mourning the Loss of Customs According to the World Psychiatry Association (WPA) the impact of moving from one society to another can have deep psychological implications. Individuals who migrate experience multiple stresses that can impact their mental well being, including the loss of cultural norms, religious customs, and social support systems, report Dinesh Bhugra and Matthew Becker, authors of a study on the phenomenon who go on to explain that such cultural adjustments speak to the very concept of self. As a result of the trauma many refugees experience, the rate of mental illness in that population segment is on the rise. The loss of ones social structure and culture can cause a grief reaction, Bhugra and Becker note. Migration involves the loss of the familiar, including language (especially colloquial and dialect), attitudes, values, social structures, and support networks. Sources Bhugra, Dinesh; Becker, Matthew A. â€Å"Migration, Cultural Bereavement and Cultural Identity.† World Psychiatry, February 2004

An Occurence at Owl Creek Bridge and The Necklace

People always like to impute all the misfortunes they have been through to their unfair destinies. However, most of the occurrences happen in the human society is not random, and every consequence must have a corresponding reason. Sometimes, the motive of one’s action is hard to find because it may be psychogenic reasons that hide deep in one’s mind. Sigmund Freud comes up the idea that â€Å"human beings are motivated, even driven, by desires, fears, needs, and conflicts of which they are unaware† (Tyson 14-15). In most of the literature works, narrators’ unconscious egos like desires and believes are often the most important factors to affect their behaviors and cause the consequential narrative events happen. Both of protagonists in the articles, Peyton Farquhar in Ambrose Bierce’s â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† and Madame Loisel in Guy de Maupassant’s â€Å"The Necklace,† are struggled with their identities, and s uffered from the delusions caused by their egos, which lead themselves to make the irretrievable mistakes, and finally, they fall to the fantasies again to defend the consequences caused by their mistakes. Both of the protagonists are not satisfied with their current identities, their desires blind their minds, and make them easily fall into unrealistic delusions. In the â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,† in order to create suspense, Bierce does not mention the narrator’s identity until Part II. He describes Peyton Farquhar as a â€Å"well-to-do planter;† Farquhar’s

Musical Links Investigation Free Essays

Fred Kim Mr. Gillespie IB Music 12 April, 2011 Musical Links Investigation Music is a form of communication that varies distinctively among different countries just as each country has their own language. However, music does not only vary with region, but also with time period and the neighboring musical cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Links Investigation or any similar topic only for you Order Now To investigate how two very distinct and different musical cultures can be connected through their musical qualities, I will compare the similarities and differences between romantic period and classical period music of flute. Moreover, I will focus on one instrument, flute, because I have great interest in it, and I have a lot of experience of studying and performing the instrument. In this investigation, I will focus on the compositional features found in the music such as form and structure, tone color, mood, and musical background. One of the most famous classical flute pieces is concerto in G major No. 1 K313 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Although it is widely known that flute was Mozart’s least favorite instrument, the concerto is very beautifully written in terms of not only variety of texture and structure, but also the subtle changes in mood. The concerto is composed of three movements which each has distinct characteristics. The first movement is Allegro maestoso, second movement is Adagio ma non troppo and the last movement is Rondo: Tempo di Mennuetto. The orchestral part includes orchestral strings, two oboes, and two horns. This small size of orchestra play a significant role in emphasizing the soloist and shifting the mood and tempo of the music before the soloist comes in. The other piece that I will compare to the Concerto in G major by Mozart is Concerto in D op. 283 by Carl Reinecke. It is written in Romantic period and is composed of three movements. The first is Allegro Moderato, the second is Lento e Mesto, and the third movement is Moderato. This concerto was written right before Reinecke died. Therefore, the melody is more sensational and insightful compared to the flamboyant and joyful melodies that Mozart had created. The orchestral part includes all instruments with reduced size in each section. The first main similarity that I noticed comparing the two flute concertos from two different time period was their structure. Both concertos are composed of three movements. The first is both allegro, the second is both slow and the last movement is the finale for both concertos and is fast and graceful. Not only from the exterior point of view, when we look at the internal structure of the pieces from each movement, can we find many similarities. Both pieces start with introducing the main theme and melody and expand on it by adding variations from it. Later on, from both pieces, we can see that the melodic structure falls into under a minor chord creating a sad and solemn mood. After a little more variations on the melody and rhythm, both pieces come to a recapitulation. Both again introducing the main theme, develops into another set of variations on the melody and rhythm which are generally more complicating and higher in notes. Another interesting factor to compare is the freedom of style, ad-libs, and cadenzas. In general, Classical pieces are considered to be more confined in the way that soloists perform. They are usually rhythmically stricter than Romantic pieces. However, ad-libs, to a certain level, are allowed and are often added by famous players such as James Galway and Jean-Pierre Rampal. They add some grace notes, mordents, or trills that were not written on the score. By doing this, classical pieces provide some freedom in playing to a certain degree. Not only are that, in the Concerto in G by Mozart, there two cadenzas; One in first movement and the other in the third movement. This Cadenza gave performers the chance to reveal their real abilities in both technical and musical aspect. On the other hand, in Romantic Pieces, ad-libs are usually not allowed, which seems to give it less freedom. However, Romantic piece usually has more freedom of rhythm. Therefore, performers of the Reinecke Concerto usually express themselves by varying the rhythm. Moreover, in some songs, such as Chaminade Concertino and Mendelsshon Violin Concerto in E minor has cadenzas that are written already but gives the performers freedom to do whatever they want. Therefore, the two periods that I am comparing both give the performers a certain amount of freedom in playing but neither gives full freedom to play how ever they wish. By comparing the two different periods of western music, Classical and Romantic, I was able to realize how Romantic developed from Classical, evolving into more characteristic type of music. By comparing the m melodically, harmonically, structurally, and rhythmically, I was able to understand in depth how music periods of different time can have certain similarities and differences. Moreover, by only comparing the flute songs, I was more able to understand how even though all â€Å"languages† seem different, they are all ways of communication and they do have similarities. How to cite Musical Links Investigation, Papers

Solar Energy An Alternative Energy Essay Example For Students

Solar Energy: An Alternative Energy Essay Imagine a perfect source of energy. One with which no pollution what-so-ever is associated with. No poisonous gasses or destruction of rain forests. This abundant source of energy comes from the sun. Solar energy is the visible energy produced in the sun as a result of a constant nuclear fusion reaction that is taking place. The amount of energy at the solar constant, which is at outer edge of the earths atmosphere, is two calories per minute per cm squared. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius. If we could efficiently harness the energy bombarding the earth for twenty-four hours we could power New York for a year. Unfortunately the photovoltaic cells that change the energy into electricity are so inefficient that it would take twenty-five years to pay for its self in output. There many uses of solar energy. Some homes rely fully on the power of the sun to heat their water. Other houses have flat plate collectors which aid in the heating of the house and water.Solar Energy plays a vital role in the absorption cooling cycle in a process called solar cooling. Since wind is caused by the up and down movement of hot and cold air, wind energy can be a branch of solar energy. The same thing with tidal energy. And since the sun plays a vital role in the water cycle hydroelectric energy can be attributed to solar energy. Solar Energy has great potential in becoming amain source of energy in the future. Bibliography Alternative ResourcesInternet. Large URL Schneider, Herman and Nina.Science for Today and Tomorrow.Boston: D.C. Health and Company. Solar Energy.Microsoft Encarta.1995 ed. .

Positive Impacts of Capitalism-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp.com

Question: Outline the Positive Contributions of Capitalism (including the role of firms and markets) in promoting Improvements in peoples lives. Discuss the concepts and Methods that Economists use to measure these benefits. Answer: Introduction Capitalism is the condition prevailing in the economy where the productive resources are in the hand of the private sector and there are minimum or no control on part of the state. This means that the production dynamics is decided by the free market and there is no intervention on part of the government. Capitalism facilitates profit maximization in the society. Positive Impacts of Capitalism Apparently, the Capitalistic framework primarily works towards the maximization of individual residents of the society. However, Capitalism has several positive implications on the residents of the capitalistic society and the society itself. The primary positive side of Capitalism as a social framework is that it encourages people to work more to be rich. Under this framework, people are paid according to their efforts. Due to the presence of free market system, there exists a substantial competition between the firms of the same industry, which in turn encourages them to use their resources such that their productivity and profitability are maximized. This in turn implies that Capitalism encourages efficiency maximization. Due to the absence of stringent regulations from the government, the consumers in the society enjoy freedom to choose from the goods and services which are present in the economy. Due to the presence of competition in the industry, the firms have to keep the pricing at competitive level, which in turn also benefits the consumers. The positive effects of Capitalism can be measured in terms of the economic growth of the country as a whole, which can be attributed to the increase in productive efficiency. However, the economic growth does not show the presence and magnitude of inequalities in the country, which can be a hurdle in measuring the actual impacts of Capitalism.

Preparing For The SAT Sample Essay

Preparing For The SAT Sample EssayThe SAT sample essay is a great way to hone your writing skills. The SAT can be daunting for first time students, as the essays are wordy and full of complicated vocabulary. However, once you master the basics, you will be well on your way to being a high scorer on the SAT.The main component of a sample essay is the topic. Your topic should be closely related to the essay you are writing. If you were to write an essay on a recipe for chocolate pudding, then a sample essay that focuses on how you love chocolate would be the best.You can also use your SAT essay as a jumping off point for your grade. You can think of the topic as you are writing the essay. You will have a good idea of what the test is about before the actual test comes around. This gives you a better chance of giving yourself more freedom with your topics and possible topics for your essays.Once you have your topics and have a rough draft of your essay, you can then begin writing the es say. Be sure to pay attention to spelling and grammar as this will show up in your final grade. Good grammar can be harder to correct at the end of the day, so be sure to spend some time with your essay to ensure it looks good.If you want to be able to modify your SAT essay for future tests, then it is important to think about the structure of the essay. By structuring your essay, you can change the way that you approach your essay from one test to the next.Although most essays follow the same format, there are often exceptions. For example, if you had one or two test questions in the back of the essay, you can add in the additional ones. Having your essay spread out over several tests can actually make your subject matter more intriguing and interesting, as you only have to consider one issue at a time.After you have a few practice essays under your belt, you will be ready to tackle the SAT. Be sure to spend some time preparing, as a poor score on the SAT can greatly affect your ch ances of getting into the top schools for college.

The relation between nature and men Essays - Civil Disobedience

The relation between nature and men Relation Between Nature and Men Nature is an eternal and essential theme in American literature. It gains its peak in Romantic period when the industry begins to spring up like mushroom and the environment is contaminated gradually. Henry David Thoreau is one of the most important prose writers of the 19th century in United States. As a representative of transcendentalism in that period, he expresses his views of nature mainly in Walden which provides one of the most passionate, affecting and philosophical evocations of the value of living simply and closing to nature. In 1845, Thoreau began his two-year residence at Walden Pond, putting the theory of transcendentalism and Emersons thoughts into practice. During that period of time Thoreaus sensitive harmony with all of nature was extraordinary. In his opinion, man is part of nature and man can co-exist with nature harmoniously. Today, he is regarded as one of major interpreters of nature as well as American environmental saint in American literary history. In the history of American literature, Thoreau encounters many different views of criticism. On his stage, he is not considered as a professional naturalist and his masterpiece Walden is not universally accepted and appreciated. But with the severity of environmental crisis and the rise of environmental movements, Thoreaus philosophy on nature and simple life embarks on drawing the publics attention. By discussing and analyzing his life background and Walden, it is clear to find his views of nature embodied and interpreted in Walden. His ideas about nature not only predict the arrival of environment crisis, but also indicate the direction which people should take in the future. All in all, Thoreau has left a great legacy to the world, pointing out some valuable implications for man. Therefore, it is necessary for man to positively take part in the army of environmental protection and courageously defend our mother like Thoreau because it is an effective way to protect and save our mother, the Earth. It is universally held that man is the ruler of nature. As a pure defender of nature, Thoreau objects it and gives the priority to the whole nature. In Thoreaus philosophy of nature, one prominent aspect is his belief that man is a part of nature who equals with nature. Returning to nature, namely, living a simple life is a popular slogan in Romantic period. Different from other transcendentalists, Thoreau goes so deep into nature that he becomes a naturalist. With his passion for nature, Thoreau, as a nature observer, begins to live in Walden Pond for more than two years. At Walden Pond, Thoreau leads a life free of materialistic pursuits, reduces his material requirements to the minimum and tries to be self-sufficient in everything. Such a practice convincingly calls upon man to live a simple life in nature. From Thoreaus perspective, if man wants to pursue the high quality and healthy life, he should return to nature and lead a simple life. While I enjoy the friendship of the seasons I trust that nothing can make life a burden to me. He also thinks that man who has inherited farms, houses, barns cattle, and farming tools is a fools life. Furthermore, human beings are born with the relationship with naturethey must eat, drink, and decompose within a natural environment. Nature is a permanent home. These thoughts can be found frequently in Walden. With the development of the industrial revolution and the emergence of modern science, mans desire for resources from nature increases rapidly. As man is an essential part of the nature, he should respect the nature and keep a harmonious relationship with nature. Viewed from every aspect, Thoreaus nature is a harmonious one. It is easy to see his impressive descriptions of nature in Walden such as some harmonious pictures. In the first days of September, when he sees two or three small leaves turned scarlet across the Pond, beneath where the white stems of three aspens diverged at the point of a promontory, next to water, nature itself appears to Thoreau to be a gallery. He advocates a perfect harmonious relationship with his Walden neighbors, the animals and plants. Through his own experiences, Thoreau expresses his confidence that man

Situation Ethics Essay Sample

Situation Ethics Essay Sample Situation Ethics Essay One of the most controversial topics in ethics is called situational ethics. Basically, situation ethics is a doctrine in ethics which is based on the belief that our moral code â€Å"should be based on a case-to-case basis.† What makes this doctrine controversial is that more people subscribe to the opposite idea in which morality should be absolute and withstanding despite any other factors that come into play. In contrast with the laws established in any particular land or country, the ethics (which is how people subscribe and abide by those laws) are pre-established and are supposed to be absolute regardless of anything that happens. This is especially the case for the earliest establishment of the law and law enforcement, where anyone who goes beyond or outside the rules are not only considered ‘unethical’ but also sanctioned. However, as societies grow and change, they become open to new ideas which include the concept of openness to fresh perspectives. This is the reason why today laws include sub-clauses that give a little flexibility to anything that might happen, and anyone who would break the law must also prove that these exceptions (as dedicated by the law) have indeed happened. Nevertheless, the law and the ethics that comes with it today still remains absolute. This makes it more similar to situational ethics is that it has more flexibility despite the fact that it is not entirely a case-to-case basis just as what situational ethics stands for. Rather, the rule of law just includes what it thinks are all the possible solutions. However, there is an issue which the situations which might arise and which are not included in the coded law. This is another argument of those people who argue that situational ethics should prevail over these circumstances. A move that would consider the situation more rather than what the society prescribes based on statements written on a piece of paper. Aside from what has already stated above, situation ethics does not contradict the coded law which is at the societal level. Just as how it contradicts these societal constructs, situational ethics might also appear in resistance with our own personal belief systems. As we all know, our personal belief systems are based on our own culture and society which dictates what we should believe in. On a deeper level, these societal norms mold us more than the things and ideas that we can put into words. And, as people with these different personal beliefs clash with each other (e.g. people with a different religion) ethics based on the coded rules of each might fail to show who’s right, or at least resolve the conflict between these entities of different mindsets. This is another place where situational ethics could thrive. A place where different beliefs, that suggests different codes of ethics, crashes into each other and creates an anomie, or a phenomenon with the lack of social o r ethical standards within a group of people. By using situational ethics (e.g. respect for other people’s culture) in a place where cultural-based ethics (e.g. differences of meaning of particular gestures) clashes with one another, every other person could thrive and live peacefully with one another. Overall, it could be summarized from all the points stated above, that in most places different ethics (regional-based/constitutional) are determined by their own culture, mindset, and upbringing. However, as these differences meet and clash with each other, conflicts might arise. Therefore, in these conflicts, situational ethics can prove to be the best alternative in order for everyone to consolidate, reach a conclusion, and live together peacefully despite any and all differences that they have.

Hepatitis C-write on a surgery related to a disorder or condition Research Paper

Hepatitis C-write on a surgery related to a disorder or condition liver transplant chronic hepatitis C can cause liver failure, which would result in liver transplant - Research Paper Example Liver also makes components of bile, which is essential for fat digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins from the gastrointestinal tract. This dominating organ is a hub of all detoxification processes and it is a reservoir for glucose storage, which can be utilized by the human body even many hours after a meal. Considering all these roles of the liver, the devastating consequences can be easily predicted if liver does not work efficiently. Diseases having pathologies, which disrupt the architecture and physiological functional tendency of the liver are those that lead to cirrhosis of the liver. They include Hepatitis B and C, excessive intake of alcohol for several years, deposition of excessive iron in liver, and Wilsons disease. Development of Varices and Ascites is a strong indication of Cirrhosis, leading to liver failure (Chakravarty, 2010). Here, the demand of transplanting normal functioning liver lobe from a compatible healthy donor, steps in. Liver Transplantation becomes essential for survival in cases of Liver failure. Apart from the chronic causes mentioned above, transplantation needs may also arise in acute cases, which are mainly due to intake of drugs having acetaminophen. Liver damage due to autoimmune disease and liver cancers also ultimately require liver transplantation (Chakravarty, 2010). This transplantation surgery becomes the ultimate solution of liver failure, as these patients experience malabsorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins, steatorrhea, hyperbilirubinemia causing yellowish appearance of skin and sclera, and generalized edema due to lack of albumin production. It also causes buildup of toxic ammonia due to lack of deamination process leading to hepatic encaphalopathy, hyperhosphatemia and hypocalcemia causing tetany dua to lack of active vitamin D, variceal hemorrhages and

Should Animals be used in Medical Research Term Paper

Should Animals be used in Medical Research - Term Paper Example This essay stresses that in their strong defense proponents of this perspective argue that various measures are in place to ensure animals used in research are handled in the most humane way possible. First, animals should only be used under the condition that the solution can only be found through them, and no other method or way can be applied in such studies to give accurate information. Secondly, to help reduce the harm, three principles are applied. The first one is replacement where researchers should endeavor to find alternatives before they settle on animals as the subjects. In this regard, human volunteers, as well as computer techniques, can be used in place of animals to minimize any likely harm they may be exposed to. This paper makes a conclusion that the question of whether animals should be used in medical research has been clearly answered by the two arguments discussed. As seen, the debate is deeper than it can be imagined. However, what comes out precisely is the theme of morality vs. science. While the first perspective insists that it violates animal rights for the benefit of humanity, the second perspective counter neutralizes this by asking if it is moral to watch humans suffer yet animals can save them. Judging from the justifications presented by the latter, it is proper to draw a conclusion that animals should be used for medical researches especially when the three highlighted principles are observed. This way, the human species will stay healthy to protect the animals.

The Aircraft De Icing Engineering Essay

The Aircraft De Icing Engineering Essay This report explains the results of research into how de-icing operations at Minnesota Saint Paul could be improved. The findings were that this airport should use a combination of infrared heating and antifreeze spraying in order to deice aircraft in a fast, safe, cost effective and environmentally friendly way. The de-icing process is called the drive through method and this report has backed up its investigation through detailed calculations and the use of a decision matrix to compare the benefits of the drive through method against using others. Although there are some problems such as its relatively long payback time of 2.5 years, plus risk the airport may have to pay licence fees due to patents on the technology, the benefits of the drive through method outweigh these drawbacks. One reason for this is that after the payback period the airport will make an annual saving of approximately $7,080,000 INTRODUCTION Rationale for the research The process of removing ice, frost or snow from the surface of an aircraft is known as aircraft de-icing. This is an essential procedure because if these substances accumulate on an airplane they will amplify the drag force that the plane experiences. This will reduce the ability of its wings to produce enough lift force to allow it to take-off or manoeuvre whilst in flight. Also, damage could be caused if a large piece of ice dislodges from the plane and hits sensitive components like its engine. This could lead to passengers losing their lives in a crash and others losing their properties. The Federal Aviation Administration, FAA, regulate all major civil aviation operations in America. One of their rules is that aircraft must be free of ice before takeoff and during flight. Background This report uses Minneapolis Saint Paul (MSP) airport, Minnesota, as its primary case study. This is because aircraft at this airport frequently needs to undergo deciding as a result of the cold climate before, during and after winter in that region. MSP airport spans 3,400 acres, has five runways, five de-icing pads and served more than 32 million travellers in 2009 making it 15th in the United States and  30th in the world in terms of number of passengers served annually. (MSP Airport, 2010) De-icing is currently carried out at MSP airport by operators who spray an ethylene-glycol based aircraft de-icing fluid onto planes. Storm water drains to collect the waste fluid, before it is transported by a truck to a recycling facility to be treated. It needs treatment because its high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) makes it harmful to the environment. Research Aims and Objectives This investigation aims to find a method and chemical to use for de-icing planes which is more environmentally friendly, cheaper and faster than that which is currently used in MSP airport. It should be a total solution technology which eliminates/reduces all the problems that the current de-icing method causes without producing detrimental side effects. These aims will be achieved by completing the following objectives: Identify a substitute de-icing fluid which has the same/better de-icing functionality but costs less and is safer than the one currently used in MSP airport. Find a better way to recycle the waste de-icing fluid Ensure that the new substitute chemical allow de-icing fluid to be recycled Find another way to remove snow from aircraft GENERIC DESIGN PROCESS Organisations often use a generic design process as they turn a product idea into a manufactured item. Using a systematic, well organised designed process helps to reduce the research and development time that a novel product experiences. The design team for this project used a generic design process and the actions that they took at each stage are detailed below: Product Planning First the team used product planning to help make that reliable and valid research was carried out straight away. This started this by withholding a discussion in which they clarified the aim and objectives of the project. Then they identified their strengths and weaknesses in relation to these objectives to help them choose which duties they were responsible for. Finally they agreed upon timescales in which to achieve each objective. Identification of Customer Needs Customers needs guided the teams product innovations that were found. The team held interviews with a representative from each major stakeholder group in the airline industry, such as the airline manager and spray operator, to allow them to voice their needs. This made it easier for the team to set product specifications and design a product that they would approve. Establishment of Product Specifications The customer needs were ranked in order of their importance. The rank of each need was proportional to a weighting, w, which was later used in a decision matrix. This information was used to generate product specifications which were further defined using metrics. Generation of product ideas A brainstorm was held to generate product ideas. This was useful because it encouraged the team to build ideas on top of one another. From this they saw similarities between ideas and linked some of them to define a total solution technology. Selection of product ideas A decision matrix was used to quantitatively compare the importance of each customer need in relation to the product ideas. The product with the highest score was selected for testing. Testing The total solution technology was further evaluated in terms of its performance and economic viability. Because it was very beneficial its specifications were was sent to manufactures so that they could build a prototype. Figure 1 An illustration of the generic design process Figure 1 illustrates the product design methodology which begins with product planning and ends with testing and manufacture. The dotted lines show that if one stage of the design process did not give advantageous results the team would go one or multiple stages back in order to refine their previous intentions. Then they would advance through each stage of the process again until they reached the final testing and manufacturing stage. This procedure of assessing and re-assessing product developments ensured that poor designs were eliminated or improved before they reached the testing and manufactures stage. NEEDS Various customers have an interest in aircraft de-icing operations; these individuals are referred to as stakeholders. The success of this venture will depend on how well it meets the needs of these individuals. Hence, the team evaluated each stakeholders need using an interview and ranked it according to its importance. Information Gathering The stakeholders were identified on the basis on who will pay for, sell, use and operate the de-icing technology, these included airline pilots and passengers etc. They were interviewed and their responses are summarised below. Spray operator Q1: How do you deice a plane? A container on a truck is filled with de-icing fluid which is mixed with water to a 50% concentration by volume. I sit in an enclosed cabin and heat the fluid onboard the truck to 70oC before I spray it onto the plane until all the ice melts. Airport manager Q2: How important is the BOD of a de-icing fluid? Very important, we pay the treatment works about $0.35 per US gallon and the price goes up if the BOD increases. Our airport is fined if the BOD5 discharged to the environment exceeds 900 tonnes per year. Q3: How long would you expect to wait for a return on your investment? 1.5-2 years Q4: How much does ethylene glycol cost? The average is $5-7 per gallon. Q5: What precautions were taken since your last incident? We thought of retraining staff, but now operations are run by an outsourced business. De-icing pads and a drainage system were installed. Aircraft manager Q6: What do you think of integrating a heating system onto aircraft? Not ideal for commercial planes because its expensive Air traffic controller Q7: How severe is the disruption caused by aircraft de-icing? During the peak of the winter season there are regular delays. Aircraft must be de-iced again if they exceed a holdover time of 5 minutes. Ranking of needs and sanity check The team identified the most important stakeholder needs and ranked them as listed below. Each need was given a weighting, w, according to its rank as part of a sanity check. Table 1 The rank of each stakeholder need and its weighting Need Weight-ing, w Reasons 1) Safety 4 Safety was the top concern of every stakeholder. Aircraft at MSP airport can only carry passengers if they obey safety regulations set by the FAA. 2) Lifetime Cost 3 Some stakeholders disagreed on financial issues regarding how much cash should be spent on certain items. e.g most spray operators would like luxury de-icing cabins whereas airport managers would rather invest the money. However, all stakeholders agreed that no de-icer with a high lifetime cost would be acceptable. 3) Speed 2 Slow de-icing can cause profit losses due to delayed flights. 4) Environmental impact 1 Although the airport will be fined for causing excessive pollution these costs are normally absorbed by customers. ESTABLISHMENT OF PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS Most of the needs highlighted by stakeholders were expressed in a qualitative manner. They needed to be converted into specifications in order to avoid trivial yet expensive improvements being made to MSP airport. To do this the worst case de-icing conditions that could potentially take place at MSP airport were defined and as part of sanity check. Next metrics were used establish specifications for product and process design methods that could cope with the worst case de-icing scenarios at the airport. Specification 1 Annual length of operation The dates in which the planes will need to be de-iced ranges from November to early April because on these dates the temperature in Minneapolis Saint Paul is below freezing. Therefore, any new de-icing method must be able to operate through this period of 5 months and 1 week (157 days) every year. (Figure 2) Figure 2- The average lowest temperature in MSP every year from 1971-2000 Specifications 2 The case study aircraft and its ice coverage The mass of ice on a plane was calculated using a worst case scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial passenger planes; the Boeing-747 (BBC, 2007) needed to be de-iced. It was assumed that the top area of both its wings was covered by a 1cm thick layer of ice. Wing area (Boeing-747) = 541.2 m2 (Airliners, 2010) Ice Thickness = 0.01m Ice Coverage 100%  Ã…“ Volume of ice on wings, Volice = 5.412 m3 (App. 1, Eqn 1) Density of ice, à Ã‚ ice = 917kg/m3 (Kotz, 2009)  Ã…“ Mass of ice, = 4962.8 kg (App. 1, Eqn 2) Specifications 3- Heating Duty Latent heat of fusion of ice= 333 kJ/Kg (Bird, 2003)  Ã…“ Minimum heating duty = 1652.6 MJ (App 1, Eqn 3) Specifications 4 The substitute de-icing fluid The atmospheric temperature in MSP airport during the de-icing season is 20oF (-29oC) therefore the substitute ADF freezing point must be less than 20oC in order to maintain its functionality. Additionally it must provide a freezing point depression of more than 20oC as a result of this ambient temperature. All the stakeholders agreed that product safety is of upmost importance, so the substitute ADF should be less toxic than ethylene-glycol. Additionally they agree that the annual raw material costs of the new dicing method should be less than that of the current method. Two ways to do this are to use less dicing fluid per plane in the first instance; this should be less than the 408 gallons per aircraft required by the current de-icing method (App. 1, Eqn. 9), or to recycle the de-icing fluid. GENERATION AND SCREENING OF IDEAS The team worked individually and brainstormed together to help maximise the number of good ideas that were generated. Whilst doing so they reflected upon the product specifications to and stakeholder needs to help screen ideas. De-icing Ideas De-icing boots Rubber boots are attached to the front edges of wings on the plane. The aircraft inflates these boots with air to cause ice that remove ice that has accumulated on them. An unacceptable risk of using this method in MSP is that the system must be activated as soon as a before an large ice layer can form and hit other parts of the plane when it dislodges. Bleed air- In this method hot air from the aircraft engines is blasted on to the ice to melt it. Although this could melt ice very quickly the airport manager at MSP airports commented that integrating heating systems on to aircraft is not ideal for commercial planes because its expensive. Mechanical Scraping/Blowing Employees use brushes, or cloths to physically push ice off the aircraft. This method would be very easy to put into practice at MSP because the equipment the required is very cheap. But it is more likely that damage will be done to airplanes as the employees scrape ice so the resulting aircraft maintenance cost is could be very high. A propylene glycol based de-icing fluid Propylene glycol is a popular de-icing fluid and is regarded as non-toxic, hence it was chosen for further investigation. Decision Matrix The interviews that were conducted with the stakeholders highlighted that some customer needs are more important than others. Although the importance of some specific needs differed in each stakeholder group four needs were consistently rated as essential. These criteria were analysed in a decision matrix with weighing marks taken from Table 1 Table 2- Decision Matrix which focuses on the alternative deinking methods ALTERNATIVES Ethylene Glycol (Benchmark)   Propylene Glycol Infrared + Propylene-glycol Criteria Weighting w Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score Safety   5 2 10 4 20 7 35 Lifetime Cost   4 5 20 5 20 6 24 Speed   3   5 15   4 16 6 18 Environmental impact   2   1 2   5 10 6 14 Total   14   13 47   18 66   25 91 According to this decision matrix the best de-icing solution should be based on a combination of infrared and propylene glycol de-icers is the best as this alternative has the highest sore. The second best method would be to use an ADF which is based on propylene glycol rather than ethylene glycol. SELECTION OF IDEAS A comparison of ethylene-glycol and propylene glycol based de-icing fluids The most freezing point depressants in aircraft de-icing fluids in the US are ethylene glycol (EG) and propylene glycol (PG). Because PG and EG have a similar lifetime cost, in this chapter the chemicals will be compared at a 50% concentration by volume in terms of their safety, de-icing speed and environmental impact because these are three of the most important needs the stakeholders. Safety Ethylene glycol has a relatively high toxicity when compared to Propylene-Glycol. It has been classed by the US congress as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP), if 2268 kg or more escapes into the environment within 24 hours users are obligated to report the event under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCL). However propylene glycol is not classified as a HAP, and users are not required to inform CERCL if it is released. Both chemicals are said to be non-lethal if humans if they are breathed in with air or adsorbed through skin. However, unlike PG, EG is toxic to humans and mammals if it is ingested directly. Even though PG it is regarded as non-toxic it is still a health hazard because it uses oxygen as it biodegrades which could cause some organisms to suffocate. De-icing Speed The freezing point of Propylene-glycol is -34oC which is slightly higher than ethylene-glycol which freezes at -37oC. This is one of the reasons why MSP airport still uses EG. Another is that a lower volume of antifreeze is required for EG to achieve the same freezing point depression as PG. MSP airport suffers severe weather extremes so it needs to use an ADF which is reliable, especially in extremely cold weather as this is generally when it takes longer to deice aircraft Propylene-glycols boiling point is 106oC whereas ethylene glycol has a boiling point of 102.2oC for ethylene glycol. In this case Propylene-glycol is the better choice because it can transfer heat to ice at a higher temperature than ethylene glycol. Discussion There are some drawbacks with regard to using ethylene glycol as a de-icing fluid, especially concerning its environmental impact. But, overall EG and PG have a similar de-icing performance level. The Rate of Melting due to Heat Conduction Alone The ADF is heated to 70oC before it is sprayed onto the plane, this heat alone will cause the ice to melt through heat conduction. The rate of this heating was calculated using equation 1a, 1a) Where Q= is the heat flow rate in the X-direction in kJ/s, A is the area normal to the direction of heat flow in m2, dT/dx is the temperature gradient and K is the thermal conductivity of ice The thermal conductivity of ice at -20oC is 2.39 W/mK, the area normal to the direction of heat flow is equal to the wing area of the Boeing 747 =541.2m2, the temperature change that occurs is (70oC- -20oc)=90oC and the thickness of the ice x is 0.01m. Hence the rate of heat transfer by the temperature of the de-icing fluid alone is 2a) The sensible heat is kJ (App. 1, Eqn 12) The latent heat of fusion is 1652612.4 kJ, (App.1, Eqn 3) Summing the above gives the amount of het required to melt the ice on a Boeing 747 from a starting temperature of -20oC which is Hence minimum time that it would take to melt the ice on the plane by heat conduction alone is This is a very fast time, especially as according to the project brief, de-icing at MSP airport normally takes 10 minutes per plane. One reason reason for this difference is due to the fact that the ADF fluid is not always in full contact with ice, only its bottom surface is. Additionally these calculations assume that heat transfer occurs over the whole of each wing evenly, which is not the case in real life because de-icing fluid is sprayed onto the wing in different locations systematically. A final cause of this difference could be due to the fact that snow has a lower heat conductivity, k, than ice and so any snow on a plane would lower the rate of heat transfer from the ADF. TOTAL SOLUTION TECHNOLOGY Drive-Through De-icing Figure 3 An illustration of the drive through de-icing technology The final design concept was to conduct de-icing operations as a drive through system. First the aircraft enters the Infrared hangar where and warm air blows snow of its wings whilst they are heated by infrared radiation for a typical duration of 5-10 minutes. Ice on the plane melts onto an inclined slope and the wastewater is channelled into the waste collection zone. Water is channelled through existing storm water pipes into infrastructure to the located under the floor of the spraying and waste collection area. The wastewater is pumped out and transferred by a truck into the airports detention ponds. When the wastewater has been removed compression plugs are removed and the plane moves into the spraying area. Here it is sprayed with propylene glycol for up to 5 minutes to help prevent any ice forming on it before takeoff. The propylene glycol drains into a separate area of the collection chamber and is pumped to a detention pond until it is due to be recycled. Finally the compression plus are reinstalled so the system is ready to deice another plane. Recycling Solution Minneapolis currently uses three Glycol Recovery Vehicles to collect wastewater. Using the IR facility eliminates the need to deice aircraft using glycol by around 90%, so no more of these vehicles will need to be bought if the new technology is adopted. Also the airport has saved capital costs by using their existing storm water drains to collect both glycol and storm water. These storm drains can and should continue to be used if MSP airport adopts the Drive-Through De-icing system to save cash and time during the installation of the new system. According to (Big book) Careful management of the retention systems enables the airport to collect enough wastewater with high glycol concentrations to make glycol recycling/recovery economically viable. The majority of glycol which is recycled is sold to manufacturers who use it in other glycol-based products. ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC VIABLITY Rate of return on investment (ROI) 3a) Payback Time 3b) =2.5 years Unfortunately the payback time on the drive through de-icing method is not fast enough to satisfy the Airport Managers at MSP who expect a payback time of 1.5-2 years. A higher rate of return on investment would reduce the payback time so it would be wise to look into additional ways to reduce the cost of de-icing using this technology, and ways to improve its efficiency. Patent issues Because this total solution technology uses de-icing methods which have been used in industry previously, but it combines them in a unique way it is difficult to assess whether or not it can be patented. Moreover, it is expected that it would take a long time to patent the product even if it were possible because of its complexity and use of old de-icing ideas. The author has recommended that MSP airport consults a lawyer regarding these matters if they do not need to use the de-icing solution immediately. If MSP airport do need to use the technology immediately they might have to pay license fees to one or more patent owners. CONCLUSION The findings from this investigation have shown that the solution technology that MSP airport should use to improve its aircraft de-icing solution involves using infrared heating and a propylene glycol as a substitute chemical for ethylene-glycol. The process is called the drive through method and the major advantages of this hybrid solution are that it meets the needs of its stakeholders by being safe, having a low lifetime cost, fast aircraft de-icing rate and low environmental impact. Evidence of this has been provided through a decision matrix and several mathematical evaluations. Unfortunately this solution has a payback time of 2.5 years, so research should be carried out to reveal how to make the annual rate of return on the investment higher. Finally, this hybrid system uses patented technology so MSP airport might have to pay licence fees for a number of years if it used the drive through method. However, after the payback period the annual saving of $70,844,300 per year outweighs any of these drawbacks. Further Recommendations Find ways to cut the operating cost of the Drive-Through De-icing system as this will lift the annual rate of return that this technology provides. If the rate of return is high enough the payback time will drop below 2 years and the airport managers in MSP will have this need fulfilled. Use hot air to blow snow off the aircraft in the IR hangar. This will help to melt the snow and ice too, however the cost of warmin+ 3.0g air may offset the benefit of a faster de-icing time. Nb, as shown by the weightings, w, in Table 1, the lifetime cost of the technology is more important that the de-icing speed that it provides. REFERENCES Books and Journals Bird J.O., 2003, Science for engineering, pp. 205, Newnes, 2003, UK Ketler P., Mosher M., Scott A., 2008, Chemistry: The Practical Science, media enhanced edition, Cengage Learning, pp. 478, UK Kotz J.C., Paul T., Townsend R.J., 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Cengage Learning, pp. 15, USA Tsokos K.A., 2010, Cambridge Physics for the IB Diploma, pp. 172, Cambridge University Press, UK Sinnot R.K., 2005, Coulson and Richardsons Chemical Engineering Series: Chemical Engineering Design, pp. 439, Butterworth-Heinmann, UK Online Resources MSP Airport, 2010, About Us, http://www.mspairport.com/about-msp.aspx, 24/10/2010 RSS Weather, 2003, Minneapolis-St. Paul, http://www.rssweather.com/climate/Minnesota/Minneapolis-St.Paul, 23/10/10 Airliners.Net, 2010, The Boeing 747-400, http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=100, 20/10/2010 BBC, 25/10/2007, A380 superjumbo lands in Sydney, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7061164.stm, 19/10/2010 Energy Information Administration, October 2010, Electric Power Monthly, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm.pdf, 15/10/2010 Wings Magazine, 2007, Infrared De-icing: Giving glycol a run for its money, http://www.wingsmagazine.com/content/view/1325/38/, 23/10/10 APPENDICIES Appendix 1 Specifications 2 -The case study aircraft and its ice coverage The mass of ice on a plane was calculated using a worst case scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial passenger planes; the Boeing-747 (BBC, 2007) needed to be de-iced. It was assumed that the top area of both its wings was covered by a 1cm thick layer of ice. Wing area (Boeing-747) = 541.2 m2 Ice Thickness = 0.01m Ice Coverage 100% of wing area (1) Density of ice, à Ã‚ ice = 917kg/m3 (Kotz, 2009) (2) Specifications 3 -Heating Duty The ice on the aircraft needed to be provided with enough energy to overcome its 333kJ/Kglatent heat of fusion, L, to melt. The amount of heat energy, Q, required to achieve this was calculated using Equation 3 (3) (Bird, 2003) Specifications 4 The substitute de-icing fluid In this section the volume of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol needed to deice a single Boeing-747 will be calculated and compared. The metrics are based upon a 50% by volume solution of each chemical. Volume of Ethylene Glycol Required The freezing point depression of an ideal solution is given by the formula (5) Where à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tf represents the freezing point depression, m, is the solute concentration and Kf represents the freezing point depression constant of water which is 1.86 °K ·kg/mol (Kilter P., Mosher M. and Scott A. Andrew scott, 2008) The desired freezing point depression, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Tf is 20oC because winter temperatures in MSP fall to that temperature, according to the project brief. (6) The number of moles of glycol required to achieve the freezing point depression: (7) The chemical formula of ethylene-glycol is CH2OHCH2OH Mr Carbon = 12, Oxygen=16, Hydrogen=1  Ã…“Mr ethylene glycol = 2*16+2*12 + 1*6= 62 g/mol Hence the mass of ethylene-glycol required per plane is: (8) The density of UCAR ADF at 20oC is 8.9 lb/gal (US) (1.07 kg/L) (SAE AMS 1424 Ethylene Glycol-Based Type I Fluids page 8) Hence the volume of ethylene-glycol required is at least 408 US gallons (9) Because the de-icing fluid used in MSP airport is 50% ethylene-glycol and about 50% water, de-icing a single plane would need double the amount of ADF which works out at 6,184 litres. The cost of ethylene glycol per aircraft In general the chemical components in de-icing fluids, such as water, have a total cost which is substantially less than that of ethylene-glycol. Hence the cost of these components in de-icing fluid solutions as deemed insignificant and ignored. According to the airport manager that was interviewed the minimum cost of a gallon of ethylene glycol is $5 per US gallon (10) In MSP airport there is an average of 293 takeoffs per day from 5 de-icing pads (MSP Airport, 2010) Assuming that during the de-icing season in MSP lasts 157 days and every plane needs to be de-iced the annual cost of ADF is approximately (11) Sensible heat required According to the project brief winter temperatures in Minneapolis Saint Paul fall to-20oC. Ice must be brought to its melting point of 0oC before it can undergo a phase change from solid to liquid. Where Cp is the specific heat capacity of ice at -20oC which is 2 kJ/kg/K, (Tsokos KA, 2010), m is the mass of ice and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T is the temperature difference (12) According to Wingsmagazine (2010) Ian Sharkey, the director of de-icing services, with Radiant Aviation Services stated that during an ice storm on March 15-16, 2007 his team had an average aircraft block time (aircraft brakes on to brakes off) of less than 43 minutes for large aircraft hence it was assumed that the Boeing 747 could be de-iced in this timeframe as well. This information was used to estimate the power that the IR deice would need to bring the ice on an aircraft from -15oC to 0oC in 43 minutes, (13) Latent heat required Next was calculated which is the power needed to melt the ice on the aircraft at 0oC in 47 minutes. (14) Hence the total power needed to melt ice on the aircraft in 43 minutes by using infrared deink technology, QIR is (15) To make the value of QIR more realistic some assumptions concerning the amount of energy loss, between the heat source and the wing were added. From this the extra power that the laser will need to give out in order to overcome the inferred energy lost as between the source and its destination (transport efficiency) and the energy lost due to reflection by the ice on the surface of the wing (absorption efficiency) was calculated. Laser device efficiency, ÃŽÂ ·laser=0.33, Transport efficiency, ÃŽÂ ·transport = 0.75 Absorption efficiency, ÃŽÂ ·absorbtion =0.75 The laser device, transport and absorption efficiencies reduce the amount of energy that heats the ice. This is called the efficiency loss, 1-ÃŽÂ ·i, and it was calculated as follows , (16) Hence, (17) Similarly, (18) Hence, the percentage extra energy, ,required to cover for these energy losses is (19) In real terms

Hate Crimes and The Mitchell v. Wisconsin Decision Essay -- Hate Crime

Hate Crimes and The Mitchell v. Wisconsin Decision The American Heritage Dictionary defines hate as intense dislike or animosity. However, defining hate as the basis for a crime is not as easy without possibly jeopardizing constitutional rights in the process. Hate crime laws generally add enhanced punishments to existing statues. A hate crime law seeks to treat a crime, if it can be demonstrated that the offense was a hate crime differently from the way it would be treated under ordinary criminal law. Since the 1980s, the problem of hate crimes has attracted increasing research attention, especially from criminologists and law enforcement personnel who have focused primarily on documenting the prevalence of the problem and formulation criminal justice responses to it. Lawmakers have passed legislation to encourage data collection and attach enhanced penalties to hate crimes at both state and federal levels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Americans are assaulted merely because of their real or perceived sexual orientation, gender, or disability, the law should be as tough on their assailants as it currently is tough on criminals who attack based on racial, religious, or ethnic bias. Yet only in rare circumstances can the federal government investigate and prosecute hate violence against gays, lesbians, or bisexuals. Attempts have been made to reach a definition of hate crime, including that it is a crime, most commonly violence, motivated by prejudice, bias or hatred towards a particular group of which the victim is rarely significant to the offender and is most commonly a stranger to him or her. The current law (18 U.S.C. 245) permits federal prosecution of a hate crime only if the crime was motivated by bias based on race, religion, national origin, or color, and the assailant intended to prevent the victim from exercising a "federally protected right" (e.g. voting, attending school, etc.) T his dual requirement substantially limits the potential for federal assistance in investigating or prosecuting hate crimes, even when the crime is particularly heinous.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hate crimes demand a priority response because of their special emotional and psychological impact on the victim and the victims’ community. The damage done by hate crimes cannot be measured solely in terms of physical injury or dollars and cents. Hate crimes may effectively intimidate other members of the vi... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Law." Human Rights 22 (1995): 32-33 Dennis, Valerie. MTV remembers Matthew Shepard with 17-hour program on hate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  crimes, University Wire, 01-10-2001 Feingold, Stanley. "Hate Crime Legislation Muzzles Free Speech." The National Law  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Journal 15 (July 1, 1993): 6, 16 Franke-Folstad, Kim. Denver Rocky Mountain News Staff Writer, HATE-CRIME   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LAWS NOT A BLACK-WHITE ISSUE. Denver Rocky Mountain News, 01-18-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1999, pp 6A Gellman, Susan. "Sticks And Stones." UCLA Law Review 39 (December, 1991):  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  333-396 Patrick, Robert F. Cops find hate often has broad definition, The Washington Times, 04-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  02-01, pp C1 R.A.V. v. St. Paul (505 U.S. 377) Texas v. Johnson (491 U.S. 397) The Associated Press, Reno Fights Hate Crimes, Newsday, 01-09-1998, pp A21 The Christian Science Publishing Society 30 Brad Knickerbockers, Staff writing of The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christian Science Monitor, Hate Crimes: Should they receive special attention?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Christian Science Monitor, 06-23-200, pp 22 U.S. v. O'Brien (391 U.S. 367) Wisconsin v. Mitchell (508 U.S. 476) Wooley v. Maynard (430 U.S. 705) W.V. State Board of Education v. Barnette (319 U.S. 624)